Features:
Amorphous silicon has a high light absorption coefficient and a strong ability to absorb sunlight.
It can be prepared at a lower temperature and is suitable for flexible substrates.
The cost is relatively low.
Working principle:
When sunlight shines on amorphous silicon materials, photons excite electron-hole pairs. Under the action of the internal electric field, electrons and holes separate to form current.
Advantages:
The preparation process is relatively simple and can be produced on a large scale.
It is suitable for flexible solar panels, which can be bent and folded to adapt to different shapes and application scenarios.
Limitations:
The conversion efficiency is relatively low, generally around 6%-10%.
There is a photo-induced degradation effect, that is, the performance will gradually decrease after long-term exposure to sunlight.
2. Dye-Sensitized Materials
Features:
It is composed of dye molecules, semiconductor nanoparticles and electrolytes.
Dye molecules can absorb sunlight and inject excited electrons into semiconductors to achieve photoelectric conversion.
Working principle:
Dye molecules are excited after absorbing sunlight and inject electrons into the conduction band of semiconductor nanoparticles. Electrons flow to the counter electrode through an external circuit, and a redox reaction occurs in the electrolyte to complete the charge cycle.
Advantages:
The color can be adjusted, and solar panels of various colors can be prepared, which has good aesthetics.
The cost is relatively low and the material source is wide.
Limitations:
The conversion efficiency is generally around 5%-10%, which needs to be further improved.
The stability and sealing of the electrolyte are a challenge and may affect the life of the battery.
3. Polymer Materials
Features:
Usually composed of conjugated polymers, with good flexibility and processability.
It can be prepared by solution processing and other methods, suitable for large-scale production.
Working principle:
After absorbing sunlight, conjugated polymers generate electron-hole pairs. Electrons and holes separate inside the polymer or at the interface to form current.
Advantages:
Light weight, good flexibility, can be used in wearable devices and other fields.
The preparation process is simple and the cost is low.
Limitations:
The conversion efficiency is relatively low, currently generally around 5%-8%.
Stability needs to be improved, and long-term exposure to air may affect performance.
4. Perovskite Materials
Features:
It has a high light absorption coefficient and carrier mobility.
It can be prepared by solution method, with simple process and low cost.
Working principle:
After absorbing sunlight, perovskite materials generate electron-hole pairs. Electrons and holes are quickly separated inside the material and transferred to the electrode to generate current.
Advantages:
High conversion efficiency, and the conversion efficiency of more than 25% has been achieved in the laboratory.
It can be prepared into flexible solar panels with good flexibility and bendability.

Limitations:
Stability issues are the main challenges currently faced. Perovskite materials are easily decomposed under conditions such as light, humidity and high temperature.
Contains toxic elements such as lead, which poses potential risks to the environment and human health.
In summary, different optoelectronic component layer materials have their own advantages and disadvantages in flexible solar panels. Future research directions will focus on improving conversion efficiency, enhancing stability, reducing costs, and solving environmental friendliness to promote the widespread application of flexible solar panels.